Page 88 - COMENIUS MANAGEMENT REVIEW

86
Theoretical sources and methodology
As the basis of the research various European, non-European and Slovak monographs and
articles about tourism and European integration theory were used. In general the research was a
follow up of the author's previous works published in the monograph of J. Komorník and col. [1]:
The whole research is available in author's doctoral thesis [2].
In available sources various views and definitions of tourism could be observed. K. Krapf [3]
defines tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any
earning activity.” This perception, albeit it became an object of discussion, in theory of tourism
significantly contributed to scientific description, interpretation and creation of tourism system of
relations. As a consequence of dynamic structural changes in tourism in last decades, the initial
definition has been modified.
For example the World Trade Organisation [4] defines tourism as: “the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place visited.”
C. Kaspar [5] as well as H. Ulrich [6] are tourism perceiving as a System. Under the “system”
it is understood a unity of various components among which there are certain relations or among
which it is possible to create such relations. Superior and associated systems, according to C.
Kaspar are: economic, social, political, technological and ecological environment. Kaspar considers
as subsystems the subject of tourism and institutional subsystems (tourism destination, tourism
enterprises, both public and private tourism organizations). J. Orieška [7] describes tourism as
services, structuring them in detail according to various criteria. Likewise it is in the work of P.
Bernecker [8], of M. Gúčik [9] and of E. Kĺčová [10].
J. Horčiak [11] perceives the tourism as a desire which is a consequence of absence and
which leads into a need to eliminate this absence. In the case of tourism he describes the need for
recreation, cure, travelling and sociability. R. W. McIntosh [12] describes four, Grill according the
work of N. Nettekoven [13] describes eight motivation groups. H. Hanh a H. Kagelman [14] are
analysing respective typologies of tourism participants.
The main milestones of the process of European integration were described for example in
works of P. Sýkora and col. [15] and of D. Šíbl [16] . Particular emphasis on legal aspects of process
of European integration describe D. Nováčková/D. Futej and col. [17] and V. Karas/P. Králik [18].